Napster was an online music file sharing File sharing is the practice of distributing or providing access to digitally stored information, such as computer programs, multi-media , documents, or electronic books. It may be implemented in a variety of storage, transmission, and distribution models. Common methods are manual sharing using removable media, centralized computer file server service created by Shawn Fanning Shawn Fanning is an American computer programmer. He is famous for developing Napster, one of the first popular peer-to-peer filesharing platforms, in 1998. The popularity of Napster was widespread and Fanning was featured on the cover of Time magazine while he was attending Northeastern University Northeastern University , is a private research university in Boston, Massachusetts. Northeastern has six colleges and offers 65 undergraduate majors. At the graduate level, the University offers more than 125 programs and awards masters, doctoral, and professional degrees in law and business in Boston Boston (pronounced /ˈbɒstən/ ) is the capital and largest city in Massachusetts, and is one of the oldest cities in the United States. The largest city in New England, Boston is regarded as the unofficial "Capital of New England" for its economic and cultural impact on the entire New England region. Boston city proper had a 2009. The service operated between June 1999 and July 2001.[1] Its technology allowed people to easily share their MP3 MPEG-1 Audio Layer 3 or MPEG-2 , more commonly referred to as MP3, is a patented digital audio encoding format using a form of lossy data compression. It is a common audio format for consumer audio storage, as well as a de facto standard of digital audio compression for the transfer and playback of music on digital audio players files with other participants, bypassing the established market for such songs and thus leading to massive copyright violations Copyright infringement is the unauthorized or prohibited use of works covered by copyright law, in a way that violates one of the copyright owner's exclusive rights, such as the right to reproduce or perform the copyrighted work, or to make derivative works of music and film media as well as other intellectual property. Although the original service was shut down by court order, it paved the way for decentralized peer-to-peer file distribution programs, which have been much harder to control. The service was named Napster after Fanning's hairstyle-based nickname. Napster's brand and logo were purchased after the company closed its doors and continue to be used by a pay service Napster, Inc. is an online music service offering a variety of purchase and subscription models. The company's name and logo originated from bankruptcy liquidation of the Napster peer-to-peer file trading service, which was shut down after a series of legal actions taken by the RIAA. The brand name was later purchased by Roxio, to capitalize on.
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Origin
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Shawn Fanning Shawn Fanning is an American computer programmer. He is famous for developing Napster, one of the first popular peer-to-peer filesharing platforms, in 1998. The popularity of Napster was widespread and Fanning was featured on the cover of Time magazine and Sean Parker first released the original Napster in June 1999.[2] Fanning wanted an easier method of finding music than by searching IRC Internet Relay Chat is a form of real-time Internet text messaging (chat) or synchronous conferencing. It is mainly designed for group communication in discussion forums, called channels, but also allows one-to-one communication via private message as well as chat and data transfers via Direct Client-to-Client or Lycos Lycos is a search engine and web portal established in 1994. Lycos also encompasses a network of email, webhosting, social networking, and entertainment websites. John Fanning John Fanning was the Founding Chairman and CEO of Napster. He founded the company with his nephew Shawn Fanning. He owned 70% of the company and represented the founders on the board of directors. He currently lives on Blackrock Beach on the south shore of Massachusetts of Hull, Massachusetts Hull is a town in Plymouth County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 11,050 at the 2000 census. Hull is the smallest town by land area in Plymouth County and the fourth smallest in the state. However, its population density is within the top thirty towns in the state—Shawn's uncle—ran all aspects of the company's operations for a period from its office on Nantasket Beach Nantasket Beach is a beach in Hull, Massachusetts. The shore has fine, light gray sand and is one of the busiest beaches in Greater Boston. At low tide, there are acres of tide pools. The final agreement gave Shawn 30% control of the company, with the rest going to his uncle. It was the first of the massively popular peer-to-peer file distribution systems, although it was not fully peer-to-peer since it used central servers to maintain lists of connected systems and the files they provided, while actual transactions were conducted directly between machines.
Although there were already networks that facilitated the distribution of files across the Internet, such as IRC, Hotline Hotline Communications Limited was a software company founded in 1997, based in Toronto, Canada, with employees also in the United States and Australia. Hotline Communications' main activity was the publishing and distribution of a multi-purpose client/server communication software product named Hotline Connect, informally called, simply, Hotline, and USENET Duke University graduate students Tom Truscott and Jim Ellis conceived the idea in 1979 and it was established in 1980. Users read and post messages to one or more categories, known as newsgroups. Usenet resembles a bulletin board system (BBS) in many respects, and is the precursor to the various Internet forums that are widely used today; and can, Napster specialized exclusively in music in the form of MP3 files and presented a user-friendly interface. The backend system was built by Napster's Chief Architect, Jordan Mendelson [3]. The result was a robust system whose popularity generated an enormous selection of music to download - at its peak there were 80 million users and 25 million songs but the system never once crashed.
Napster made it relatively easy for music enthusiasts to download copies of songs that were otherwise difficult to obtain, like older songs, unreleased recordings, and songs from concert bootleg recordings A bootleg recording is an audio and/or video recording of a performance that was not officially released by the artist, or under other legal authority. The process of making and distributing such recordings is known as bootlegging. A great many such recordings are simply copied and traded among fans of the artist without financial exchange, but. Some users felt justified in downloading digital copies of recordings they had already purchased in other formats, like LP A gramophone record, commonly known as phonograph record , vinyl record (when made of polyvinyl chloride), or simply record, is an analog sound storage medium consisting of a flat disc with an inscribed, modulated spiral groove. The groove usually starts near the periphery and ends near the centre of the disc. Phonograph records are generally and cassette tape The Compact Cassette, often referred to as audio cassette, cassette tape, cassette, or simply tape, is a magnetic tape sound recording format. Although originally designed for dictation, improvements in fidelity led the Compact Cassette to supplant reel-to-reel tape recording in most non-professional applications. Its uses ranged from portable, before the compact disc A Compact Disc is an optical disc used to store digital data. It was originally developed to store sound recordings exclusively, but later it also allowed the preservation of other types of data. Audio CDs have been commercially available since October 1982. In 2010, they remain the standard physical storage medium for audio emerged as the dominant format for music recordings.
Irrespective of these justifications, many other users simply enjoyed trading and downloading music for free. With the files obtained through Napster, people frequently made their own compilation albums on recordable CDs A CD-R is a variation of the Compact Disc invented by Philips and Sony. CD-R is a Write Once Read Many (WORM) optical medium, though the whole disk does not have to be entirely written in the same session, without paying any royalties to the artist/composer or the estate of the artist/composer. High-speed networks in college dormitories became overloaded,[4] with as much as 80% of external network traffic consisting of MP3 file transfers[citation needed]. Many colleges blocked its use for this reason,[5] even before concerns about liability for facilitating copyright violations on campus.
Macintosh Version
Napster running on Macintosh OS9 (using Kaleidoscope theme utility) in March 2001. Note the number of users: 11165, sharing 9476 Gigs for 2,215,249 files/songs.The service and software program were initially Windows-only, but in 2000 Black Hole Media wrote a Macintosh client called Macster. Macster was later bought by Napster and designated the official Mac Napster client ("Napster for the Mac"), at which point the Macster name was discontinued.[6] Even before the acquisition of Macster, the Macintosh community had a variety of independently-developed Napster clients. Most notably was the open source Open source describes practices in production and development that promote access to the end product's source materials. Some consider open source a philosophy, others consider it a pragmatic methodology. Before the term open source became widely adopted, developers and producers used a variety of phrases to describe the concept; open source client called MacStar, released by Squirrel Software in early 2000. The release of MacStar's source code paved the way for third-party Napster clients across all computing platforms, which gave users advertisement-free music distribution options.
Legal challenges
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Heavy metal band Metallica Metallica is an American heavy metal band from San Fransisco, California, formed in 1981. The band was founded when drummer Lars Ulrich posted an advertisement in a local newspaper. Metallica's line up has primarily consisted of Ulrich, rhythm guitarist and vocalist James Hetfield and lead guitarist Kirk Hammett, while going through a number of discovered that a demo of their song ‘I Disappear’ had been circulating across the network, even before it was released. This eventually led to the song being played on several radio stations across America and brought to Metallica’s attention that their entire back catalogue of studio material was also available. The band responded in 2000 by filing a lawsuit against Napster. A month later, rapper and producer Dr. Dre Andre Romelle Young , primarily known by his stage name Dr. Dre, is an American record producer, rapper, record executive, and actor. He is the founder and current CEO of Aftermath Entertainment and a former co-owner and artist of Death Row Records, also having produced albums for and overseeing the careers of many rappers signed to those record, who shared a litigator and legal firm with Metallica, filed a similar lawsuit after Napster wouldn't remove his works from their service, even after he issued a written request. Separately, both Metallica and Dr. Dre later delivered thousands of usernames to Napster who they believed were pirating their songs. One year later, Napster settled both suits, but this came after being shut down by the Ninth Circuit Court in a separate lawsuit from several major record labels (see below).
Also in 2000, Madonna Madonna is an American recording artist, actress and entrepreneur. Born in Bay City, Michigan, and raised in Rochester Hills, Michigan, she moved to New York City in 1977, for a career in modern dance. After performing as a member of the pop groups Breakfast Club and Emmy, she released her debut album, Madonna, in 1983 on Sire Records, who had previously met with Napster executives to discuss a possible partnership, per Napster's then-CEO and then-head of marketing, and who was rumored to own a percentage of the company,[according to whom?] became "irate" when her single In music, a single or record single is a type of release, typically a short recording of one or more separate tracks. This can be released for sale to the public in a variety of different formats. In most cases, the single is a song that is released separately from an album, but it can still appear on an album. Often, these are the most popular "Music" leaked out on to the web and Napster prior to its commercial release, causing widespread media coverage.[7] Verified Napster use peaked with 26.4 million users worldwide in February 2001.[8]
In 2000, A&M Records A&M Records is an American record label owned by Universal Music Group, and operates under the mantle of its Interscope-Geffen-A&M division and several other recording companies, via the RIAA, sued Napster (A&M Records, Inc. v. Napster, Inc. A&M Records, Inc. v. Napster, Inc., 239 F.3d 1004 , was an important intellectual property case in which the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit ruled that the defendant, Napster, could be held liable for contributory infringement of the plaintiff record company's copyrights. The court also rejected the suggestion that it) for contributory and vicarious copyright infringement under the US Digital Millennium Copyright Act The Digital Millennium Copyright Act is a United States copyright law that implements two 1996 treaties of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). It criminalizes production and dissemination of technology, devices, or services intended to circumvent measures (commonly known as digital rights management or DRM) that control access to (DMCA).[9] The music industry made the following claims against Napster:
- That its users were directly infringing the plaintiffs' copyrights.
- That Napster was liable for contributory infringement of the plaintiffs' copyrights.
- That Napster was liable for vicarious infringement of the plaintiffs' copyrights.
Napster lost the case in the District Court and appealed to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. Although the Ninth Circuit found that Napster was capable of commercially significant non-infringing uses, it affirmed the District Court's decision. On remand, the District Court ordered Napster to monitor the activities of its network and to block access to infringing material when notified of that material's location. Napster was unable to do this, and so shut down its service in July 2001. Napster finally declared itself bankrupt in 2002 and sold its assets. It had already been offline since the previous year owing to the effect of the court rulings.[10]
Promotional power
Along with the accusations that Napster was hurting the sales of the record industry, there were those who felt just the opposite, that file trading on Napster actually stimulated, rather than hurt, sales. Some evidence may have come in July 2000 when tracks from English The area now called England has been settled by people of various cultures for about 35,000 years, but it takes its name from the Angles, one of the Germanic tribes who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries. England became a unified state in AD 927, and since the Age of Discovery, which began during the 15th century, has had a significant rock band Radiohead Radiohead are an English rock band from Abingdon, Oxfordshire, formed in 1985. The band consists of Thom Yorke , Jonny Greenwood (lead guitar, keyboard, other instruments), Ed O'Brien (guitar, backing vocals), Colin Greenwood (bass guitar, synthesisers) and Phil Selway (drums, percussion)'s album Kid A Kid A is the fourth studio album by the English alternative rock band Radiohead, released in October 2000. A commercial success worldwide, Kid A went platinum in its first week of release in the UK. Despite the lack of an official single or music video as publicity, Kid A became the first Radiohead release to debut at number one in the US. This found their way to Napster three months before the CD's release. Unlike Madonna, Dr. Dre or Metallica, Radiohead had never hit the top 20 in the US. Furthermore, Kid A was an experimental album without any singles In music, a single or record single is a type of release, typically a short recording of one or more separate tracks. This can be released for sale to the public in a variety of different formats. In most cases, the single is a song that is released separately from an album, but it can still appear on an album. Often, these are the most popular, and received relatively little radio airplay. By the time of the record's release, the album was estimated to have been downloaded for free by millions of people worldwide, and in October 2000 Kid A captured the number one spot on the Billboard 200 The Billboard 200 is a ranking of the 200 highest-selling music albums and EPs in the United States, published weekly by Billboard magazine. It is frequently used to convey the popularity of an artist or groups of artists. Often, a recording act will be remembered by its "number ones", those of their albums that outsold all others during sales chart in its debut week. According to Richard Menta of MP3 Newswire Founded in 1998, the same year as MP3.com, MP3 Newswire is the oldest active news site devoted to digital media technology. Notable for its series of essays that chronicled the rise of digital music and the Internet’s acrimonious relationship with the record industry, MP3 Newswire initially was started to review and report on the latest products,[11] the effect of Napster in this instance was isolated from other elements that could be credited for driving sales, and the album's unexpected success suggested that Napster was a good promotional tool for music.
One of the most successful bands to owe its success to Napster was Dispatch. Being an independent band, it had no formal promotion or radio play, yet it was able to tour to cities they had never played and sell out concerts, thanks to the spread of their music on Napster. In July 2007, the band became the first independent band to ever headline New York City New York is the most populous city in the United States, and the center of the New York metropolitan area, which is one of the most populous metropolitan areas in the world. A leading global city, New York exerts a powerful influence over global commerce, finance, media, culture, art, fashion, research, education, and entertainment. As host of the's Madison Square Garden Madison Square Garden, often abbreviated as MSG and known colloquially as The Garden, is a multi-purpose indoor arena in the New York City borough of Manhattan, located at 8th Avenue between 31st and 33rd Streets, situated on top of Pennsylvania Station. Opening on February 11, 1968, it is the longest active major sporting facility in the New York, selling it out for three consecutive nights. The band members were avid supporters of Napster, promoting it at their shows, playing a Napster show around the time of the Congressional hearings, and attending the hearings themselves. Shawn Fanning Shawn Fanning is an American computer programmer. He is famous for developing Napster, one of the first popular peer-to-peer filesharing platforms, in 1998. The popularity of Napster was widespread and Fanning was featured on the cover of Time magazine, the founder of Napster, is a known Dispatch fan.
Since 2000, many musical artists, particularly those not signed to major labels and without access to traditional mass media outlets such as radio and television, have said that Napster and successive Internet file-sharing networks have helped get their music heard, spread word of mouth, and may have improved their sales in the long term[citation needed]. One such musician to publicly defend Napster as a promotional tool for independent artists was Dj xealot, who became directly involved in the 2000 A&M Records Lawsuit.[12] Chuck D Carlton Douglas Ridenhour , better known by his stage name, Chuck D, is an American rapper, author, and producer. He helped create politically and socially conscious rap music in the mid-1980s as the leader of the rap group Public Enemy from Public Enemy Public Enemy, also known as PE, is an American hip hop group consisting of Chuck D, Flavor Flav, Professor Griff and his S1W group, and DJ Lord, who replaced Terminator X in 1999. Formed on Long Island, New York in 1982, they are known for their politically charged lyrics and criticism on the American media, with an active interest in the also came out and publicly supported Napster.[13] Although some underground musicians Underground music refers to a variety of music subgenres that usually develop a subcultural cult following despite their lack of mainstream appeal, visibility, or commercial promotion. Underground bands and artists are often signed with independent record labels, and they typically perform in small venues and promote their music through word-of- and independent labels An independent record label is a record label operating without the funding of or outside the organizations of the major record labels have expressed support for Napster and the p2p model it popularized, others have criticized the unregulated and extra-legal nature of these networks, and some seek to implement models of Internet promotion in which they can control the distribution of their own music, such as providing free tracks for download or streaming from their official websites, or co-operating with pay services such as Insound, Rhapsody Rhapsody is an online music service run by RealNetworks and available in the US only. Launched in December 2001, Rhapsody was the first[citation needed] music service to offer streaming on-demand access to a large library of digital music. Downloaded files come with restrictions on their use, enforced by Helix, RealNetworks' version of digital and Apple Apple Inc. is an American multinational corporation that designs and markets consumer electronics, computer software, and personal computers. The company's best-known hardware products include the Macintosh computers, the iPod, the iPhone and the iPad. Apple software includes the Mac OS X operating system; the iTunes media browser; the iLife suite's iTunes Store The iTunes Store is a software-based online digital media store operated by Apple. Opening as the iTunes Music Store on April 28, 2003, with over 200,000 items to purchase, it is, as of April 2008, the number-one music vendor in the United States. On February 24, 2010, the store served its 10 billionth song download; this major milestone was.
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thebahamasweekly.com The "Amigo's Song" is available for download on ITunes, CDBaby, Amazon and Napster . Let's help make AMIGO a rep for challenged animals everywhere. ...
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Purchase requirements not bubbled up If I search for an artist I get a search results page screenshot and from there I have to drill down to the artist page screenshot the album page screenshot and finally the track list track list screenshot before finding out that the album I want to listen to requires that I first pay for it They really need to bubble up that
![New Music Search [HQ]](/q8-v7NLobq7-0ZELEeBM5Hv7QEmHNwlQs0-s0-q8-UTVF17-ARq8-YU17-516Jq8-TNGV17-6q8-FZGRFSSB17-5S483P5PQ4331600q8-QVGARGABP17-FFIq8-CCNs8-7ERIERfYVNAOZHUgs7-ZBPr7-5GITr7-5-out.jpg)
